1997, ISBN: 9781236442758

Clophill, Bedfordshire, England: Irwell Press, 1997. 92 pages profusely illustrated b/w photos - the railway came into Carlisle, not just once but seven times, under the auspices of a ser… Plus…

Clophill, Bedfordshire, England: Irwell Press, 1997. 92 pages profusely illustrated b/w photos - the railway came into Carlisle, not just once but seven times, under the auspices of a series of different railway companies. The result within the city was a fascinating jumble of lines heading towards their own separate stations, and a battle between those gaining access to the centre and those initially denied it.The story of rail in the city begins however with a canal. Proposals have regularly been made to construct a canal cutting across the country and linking the Irish Sea with the North Sea via the Solway and the Tyne. After a number of false dawns, what was hoped would be just the first section of the long distance route was opened in March 1823, connecting Carlisle with an exit to the Solway at what was christened Port Carlisle. This 11 mile stretch would in itself prove of great benefit to the growing city, facilitating as it did the import of raw materials and the export of finished goods to and from the canal basin situated a mile to the north-west of the city centre. Although demand was growing to complete the cross country link it did not take shape as a canal as originally planned but as a railway, which by that time was clearly the most cost effective option. Construction of the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway began in 1830, but it was not until 1838 that the line was completed to connect the two cities. In Carlisle itself moreover the engineer had been faced with a difficult question - where should the line end? Should it terminate at the canal basin to complete the original plan, or nearer to the city centre for the convenience of passengers? The lure of revenue from the traffic in coal for export to the basin from collieries near Brampton to the east won the day, so a route across the lie of the land to the south of the city was chosen to allow this. Unfortunately for passengers this meant that the nearest the line approached the city centre was when it crossed under London Road, about three-quarters of a mile outside the city. It was here however that London Road Station was constructed, with the goods line continuing further as the Canal Branch. In 1843, the arrival of the second line to the city - the Maryport and Carlisle Railway - brought with it the complications and arguments which were to be a continuing feature of Carlisle's railway history, although not to begin with. The Maryport and Carlisle - approaching the city from the south along the Caldew Valley - reached agreement with the Newcastle and Carlisle to turn east and join their Canal Branch for half a mile before reversing into London Road station which they would share. So far so good, but the directors of the Maryport and Carlisle had plans for a new station of their own closer to the city centre, and acquired a seven acre site at Crown Street. Objections were raised not only by the Newcastle and Carlisle but also by the approaching Lancaster and Carlisle whose plans were going through Parliament at the same time, both of which lines the Maryport and Carlisle would cross on the level! Construction of a temporary station at Crown Street was eventually agreed but using a similar join and reverse method of approach as at London Road. This was not to survive for long! The through line from Lancaster to Carlisle opened in 1846 to the background of continuing disputes about the location and use of a new shared central station. Indeed for nine months the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway terminated in the Newcastle and Carlisle's London Road Station via a curve off its authorised route into the city. Trains from Lancaster and the south only began to use Court Square ( to be developed as Citadel Station) just outside the city's medieval walls in 1847. Agreement was finally reached for Maryport and Carlisle trains to use the new station in 1851, but not before their station at Crown Street had been totally demolished by a gang of one hundred Lancaster and Carlisle men, armed with picks and crowbars, in order to force the issue! At least this avoided the situation where every Maryport and Carlisle train crossed the course of Lancaster and Carlisle trains three times on its approach to the station! The Newcastle and Carlisle Railway remained isolated at their London Road Station for another 12 years. Citadel Station grew in importance as lines north from Carlisle into Scotland were developed. The southern section of the Caledonian Railway, from the new joint station, opened in September 1847, with through services to Glasgow and Edinburgh in the following February. The Glasgow and South Western Railway followed in 1851. This took an alternative route to Glasgow via Dumfries and was regarded by the Caledonian as a bitter rival. Although the Glasgow and South Western was admitted to the Citadel, and shared the same goods yard and engine shed, it had to pay a price for the privilege - £1000 per annum for access to the station ( not to mention the £5000 charge for the use of its tracks northwards to Gretna Junction). No wonder then that the Glasgow and South Western eagerly awaited the opportunity to form a partnership with the Midland Railway's Settle and Carlisle line. The next development, although relatively minor in scale, was both a reminder of how this whole story started and the platform for the arrival on the scene of the third route into Scotland. The Carlisle Canal was by 1850 in serious financial difficulties following competition from the railways. Four years later - in 1854 - the canal had been drained and converted into a railway itself! Although extended to Silloth this independent venture was never a financial success until in 1861it benefited from the arrival of the North British Railway which linked Carlisle and Edinburgh via Hawick. Determined to take its own route into the Citadel for as long as it could the line chose the option of bridging the Caledonian north of the city before joining the Port Carlisle/Silloth system near the old canal basin and then using the sharply carving Caledonian goods branch for the final mile eastwards into the station, despite the hefty tolls which the Caledonian imposed! Both the North British and the Glasgow and South Western looked forward to the completion of the Midland Railway's plans to forge north to Carlisle, which would give them both an alternative route south from the city. The story of this remarkable development is told elsewhere, but goods services on the whole route commenced in 1875, with passenger services the following year. The alliance of the Caledonian and the by now London and North Western did what it could to obstruct the Midland's success, just as it had with other companies in the past, but eventually - from the early 1880's - all seven of them settled down under one roof at Citadel Station. . First Edition. Soft Cover. New/No Jacket., Irwell Press, 1997, RareBooksClub. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 114 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 Excerpt: . . . it being the anxious desire of the Government of the United States to secure to the Cherokee nation of Indians. . . a permanent 2 home, and which shall, under the most solemn guarantees of the United States, be, and remain, theirs forever--a home that shall never, in all future time, be embarrassed by having extended around it the lines, or placed over it the jurisdiction of a Territory or State, nor be pressed upon by the extension, in any way, of any of the limits of any existing Territory or State;. . . the parties hereto do hereby conclude the following articles, viz. : Article 2. The United States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever, and that guarantee is hereby solemnly pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, to be bounded as 1 Dated May 6, 1828. 1 Permanent is emphasized in official government texts. J sa--Two enva. ngs illustrating the alterscion in the shape of the ndage-coach betwn 1815 and 1828, as the vehicle approached its final form cased the Ccncord Coach. The flattening of the top gave more room inisde, and, after railinIn were inrsased, permitted the cfficfaesng of. ggage on the roof. follows. . . . In addition to the seven millions of acres thus provided for, and bounded, the United States further guarantee to the Cherokee nation a perpetual outlet, West, and a free and unmolested use of all the country lying West of the Western boundary of the above described limits, and as far west as the sovereignty of the United States, and their right of soil extend. Those Cherokees who had removed to Arkansas in 1817 and 1819 thereupon gave up the Arkansas lands secured to them at that time and accepted the pledges and territory above recited, 1 but there was then no general exodus of the. . . This item ships from La Vergne,TN., RareBooksClub<

ISBN: 9781236442758

RareBooksClub.com. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 82 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. … Plus…

RareBooksClub.com. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 82 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1909 Excerpt: . . . the digestion of the animals and causing urinary troubles. With more moderate feeding, flax has found a place in Western farming. Under irrigation, flax does not stand much Culture water. It should be irrigated lightly and never flooded too long. Average yields are fifteen to eighteen bushels per acre; but maximum yields of twenty-eight bushels have been known. Sixteen bushels per acre have been grown at altitudes of over seven thousand feet, and flax from that locality took a medal at the Chicago Worlds Fair. If cut early enough, often a second growth will spring up, which is valuable for fall feed. If raised for the grain, sow twenty pounds or twenty-five pounds of seed per acre. Where grown for flax fibre, it should be planted thick, using forty or fifty pounds of seed. Sow with a grain press drill, planting onenhalf inch or one inch deep. Cut when the majority of the seed balls are light brown in color and when the straw is somewhat green. If left too long, it shatters badly in the field. It is best harvested with a self-rake or binder, without the binding attachment. A small amount of flax may be sown with oats and the crop cut and fed in the straw or threshed and fed as mixed grain. Some experiments in Wyoming resulted in very fat lambs by feeding ground flax seed, turnips and alfalfa hay. Seventeen to twenty pounds of seed fed in this manner in a period of ninety to one hundred days made the lambs fat without any other grain. From two to four ounces of seed per day in connection with other food is sufficient for a sheep. Small amounts of flax seed fed to horses with grain give good results, especially in the spring. Buckwheat Buckwheat is one of the very valuable dry farm and short-season crops for the West. It can be planted as late as July, where . . . This item ships from La Vergne,TN., RareBooksClub.com, RareBooksClub.com. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 114 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 Excerpt: . . . it being the anxious desire of the Government of the United States to secure to the Cherokee nation of Indians. . . a permanent 2 home, and which shall, under the most solemn guarantees of the United States, be, and remain, theirs forever--a home that shall never, in all future time, be embarrassed by having extended around it the lines, or placed over it the jurisdiction of a Territory or State, nor be pressed upon by the extension, in any way, of any of the limits of any existing Territory or State;. . . the parties hereto do hereby conclude the following articles, viz. : Article 2. The United States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever, and that guarantee is hereby solemnly pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, to be bounded as 1 Dated May 6, 1828. 1 Permanent is emphasized in official government texts. J sa--Two enva. ngs illustrating the alterscion in the shape of the ndage-coach betwn 1815 and 1828, as the vehicle approached its final form cased the Ccncord Coach. The flattening of the top gave more room inisde, and, after railinIn were inrsased, permitted the cfficfaesng of. ggage on the roof. follows. . . . In addition to the seven millions of acres thus provided for, and bounded, the United States further guarantee to the Cherokee nation a perpetual outlet, West, and a free and unmolested use of all the country lying West of the Western boundary of the above described limits, and as far west as the sovereignty of the United States, and their right of soil extend. Those Cherokees who had removed to Arkansas in 1817 and 1819 thereupon gave up the Arkansas lands secured to them at that time and accepted the pledges and territory above recited, 1 but there was then no general exodus of the. . . This item ships from La Vergne,TN., RareBooksClub.com<

ISBN: 9781236442758

RareBooksClub. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 82 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purc… Plus…

RareBooksClub. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 82 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1909 Excerpt: . . . the digestion of the animals and causing urinary troubles. With more moderate feeding, flax has found a place in Western farming. Under irrigation, flax does not stand much Culture water. It should be irrigated lightly and never flooded too long. Average yields are fifteen to eighteen bushels per acre; but maximum yields of twenty-eight bushels have been known. Sixteen bushels per acre have been grown at altitudes of over seven thousand feet, and flax from that locality took a medal at the Chicago Worlds Fair. If cut early enough, often a second growth will spring up, which is valuable for fall feed. If raised for the grain, sow twenty pounds or twenty-five pounds of seed per acre. Where grown for flax fibre, it should be planted thick, using forty or fifty pounds of seed. Sow with a grain press drill, planting onenhalf inch or one inch deep. Cut when the majority of the seed balls are light brown in color and when the straw is somewhat green. If left too long, it shatters badly in the field. It is best harvested with a self-rake or binder, without the binding attachment. A small amount of flax may be sown with oats and the crop cut and fed in the straw or threshed and fed as mixed grain. Some experiments in Wyoming resulted in very fat lambs by feeding ground flax seed, turnips and alfalfa hay. Seventeen to twenty pounds of seed fed in this manner in a period of ninety to one hundred days made the lambs fat without any other grain. From two to four ounces of seed per day in connection with other food is sufficient for a sheep. Small amounts of flax seed fed to horses with grain give good results, especially in the spring. Buckwheat Buckwheat is one of the very valuable dry farm and short-season crops for the West. It can be planted as late as July, where . . . This item ships from La Vergne,TN., RareBooksClub, RareBooksClub. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 114 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 Excerpt: . . . it being the anxious desire of the Government of the United States to secure to the Cherokee nation of Indians. . . a permanent 2 home, and which shall, under the most solemn guarantees of the United States, be, and remain, theirs forever--a home that shall never, in all future time, be embarrassed by having extended around it the lines, or placed over it the jurisdiction of a Territory or State, nor be pressed upon by the extension, in any way, of any of the limits of any existing Territory or State;. . . the parties hereto do hereby conclude the following articles, viz. : Article 2. The United States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever, and that guarantee is hereby solemnly pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, to be bounded as 1 Dated May 6, 1828. 1 Permanent is emphasized in official government texts. J sa--Two enva. ngs illustrating the alterscion in the shape of the ndage-coach betwn 1815 and 1828, as the vehicle approached its final form cased the Ccncord Coach. The flattening of the top gave more room inisde, and, after railinIn were inrsased, permitted the cfficfaesng of. ggage on the roof. follows. . . . In addition to the seven millions of acres thus provided for, and bounded, the United States further guarantee to the Cherokee nation a perpetual outlet, West, and a free and unmolested use of all the country lying West of the Western boundary of the above described limits, and as far west as the sovereignty of the United States, and their right of soil extend. Those Cherokees who had removed to Arkansas in 1817 and 1819 thereupon gave up the Arkansas lands secured to them at that time and accepted the pledges and territory above recited, 1 but there was then no general exodus of the. . . This item ships from La Vergne,TN., RareBooksClub<

ISBN: 9781236442758

RareBooksClub.com. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 114 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text.… Plus…

RareBooksClub.com. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 114 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 Excerpt: . . . it being the anxious desire of the Government of the United States to secure to the Cherokee nation of Indians. . . a permanent 2 home, and which shall, under the most solemn guarantees of the United States, be, and remain, theirs forever--a home that shall never, in all future time, be embarrassed by having extended around it the lines, or placed over it the jurisdiction of a Territory or State, nor be pressed upon by the extension, in any way, of any of the limits of any existing Territory or State;. . . the parties hereto do hereby conclude the following articles, viz. : Article 2. The United States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever, and that guarantee is hereby solemnly pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, to be bounded as 1 Dated May 6, 1828. 1 Permanent is emphasized in official government texts. J sa--Two enva. ngs illustrating the alterscion in the shape of the ndage-coach betwn 1815 and 1828, as the vehicle approached its final form cased the Ccncord Coach. The flattening of the top gave more room inisde, and, after railinIn were inrsased, permitted the cfficfaesng of. ggage on the roof. follows. . . . In addition to the seven millions of acres thus provided for, and bounded, the United States further guarantee to the Cherokee nation a perpetual outlet, West, and a free and unmolested use of all the country lying West of the Western boundary of the above described limits, and as far west as the sovereignty of the United States, and their right of soil extend. Those Cherokees who had removed to Arkansas in 1817 and 1819 thereupon gave up the Arkansas lands secured to them at that time and accepted the pledges and territory above recited, 1 but there was then no general exodus of the. . . This item ships from La Vergne,TN., RareBooksClub.com<

ISBN: 9781236442758

RareBooksClub. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 114 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Pur… Plus…

RareBooksClub. Paperback. New. This item is printed on demand. Paperback. 114 pages. Dimensions: 9.7in. x 7.4in. x 0.2in.This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1915 Excerpt: . . . it being the anxious desire of the Government of the United States to secure to the Cherokee nation of Indians. . . a permanent 2 home, and which shall, under the most solemn guarantees of the United States, be, and remain, theirs forever--a home that shall never, in all future time, be embarrassed by having extended around it the lines, or placed over it the jurisdiction of a Territory or State, nor be pressed upon by the extension, in any way, of any of the limits of any existing Territory or State;. . . the parties hereto do hereby conclude the following articles, viz. : Article 2. The United States agree to possess the Cherokees, and to guarantee it to them forever, and that guarantee is hereby solemnly pledged, of seven millions of acres of land, to be bounded as 1 Dated May 6, 1828. 1 Permanent is emphasized in official government texts. J sa--Two enva. ngs illustrating the alterscion in the shape of the ndage-coach betwn 1815 and 1828, as the vehicle approached its final form cased the Ccncord Coach. The flattening of the top gave more room inisde, and, after railinIn were inrsased, permitted the cfficfaesng of. ggage on the roof. follows. . . . In addition to the seven millions of acres thus provided for, and bounded, the United States further guarantee to the Cherokee nation a perpetual outlet, West, and a free and unmolested use of all the country lying West of the Western boundary of the above described limits, and as far west as the sovereignty of the United States, and their right of soil extend. Those Cherokees who had removed to Arkansas in 1817 and 1819 thereupon gave up the Arkansas lands secured to them at that time and accepted the pledges and territory above recited, 1 but there was then no general exodus of the. . . This item ships from La Vergne,TN., RareBooksClub<