1100 establishments - nouveau livre

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 34. Chapters: States and territories established in 1100, Zamorin, Vettathunad, Coudenberg, Dunster Priory, County of Jaffa and Ascalon, Buxheim Charterhouse, List of feudal states of Kerala, City Hall, Selje Abbey, Nidarholm Abbey, Saint-André de Bruges Abbey. Excerpt: Zamorin (Samoothiri; Malayalam: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿) is the title used by the Hindu Eradi Samanthan Nair rulers of the erstwhile feudal kingdom of Kozhikode (Nediyirippu Swarupam) located in the present day state of Kerala, India. The Samoothiris ruled between the 12th and 18th century AD based in Kozhikode, the most important trading port on the Malabar Coast and were the most powerful kings of Kerala during the Middle Ages. They were a close ally of the Muslim-Arabs, the primary traders on the Coast in the Middle Ages. After the disintegration of the Chera kingdom in early 12th century, the Saamoothiris were the only rulers who were capable of and came close to establishing a pan- Kerala state. The relative absence of family quarrels and splits as in other Nair Royal families like Kingdom of Kochi and Kolathunad was one of the factors in the dramatic success of the Samoothiris. The Samoothiris had their second capital at Ponnani and held most of other important trading ports on the across Coast. The Kunhali Marakkars, the Muslim admirals, were the naval chiefs of the Samoothiris. The control over these ports provided the Samoothiri a vast income of foreign money and they fought numerous battles with their local neighbors, prominently with Valluvanad and Kingdom of Kochi, for supremacy over the ports and the fertile banks of the Bharathappuzha. The wars with an alliance of Valluvanad and Perumpadapu is related to the famous Mamankam festivals. The Portuguese trader and navigator Vasco da Gama visited the Saamoothiri of Kozhikode on May 18, 1498, opening the sail route directly from Europe to India. But, later in the history the Samoothiris turned out to be the worst rivals of the Portuguese on Malabar coast. The local legend goes that during the legendary partition of Kerala, the Chera dynasty king didn't give any land to his most trusted Nair lieutenant, the Eradi (Eradis were heredetiry governors of Eralnad province in the Chera kingdom). Due to his feeling of guilt, the ki